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Definition​

In computer science, a 'call by' is a method of passing arguments to a subprogram or function. 'Call by' refers to the way in which the called function receives the arguments passed to it. There are several types of 'call by' mechanisms, including: Call by Value, Call by Reference, Call by Result, Call by Object, and Call by Messaging. Each of these mechanisms has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the choice of which to use depends on the specific requirements of the program.

Examples​

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Definition​

The phrasal verb "call for" primarily carries two distinct yet related meanings. Firstly, it signifies the act of requiring, necessitating, or demanding something as an essential prerequisite or condition. In this sense, a situation, task, or circumstance inherently dictates a particular quality, action, or item. For example, a complex problem might 'call for' innovative solutions, or a formal occasion might 'call for' specific attire. It conveys that something is deemed appropriate, essential, or deserved based on the prevailing context. Secondly, "call for" means to publicly demand, request, appeal for, or advocate strongly for something. This usage often involves making a vocal or written solicitation, insistence, or plea, typically from a group or individual directed towards an authority, the public, or a specific entity. For instance, protesters might 'call for' governmental reforms, or an organization might 'call for' donations. Both meanings imply a strong sense of need or an earnest, often insistent, demand.

Examples​

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Definition​

The phrasal verb 'call in' possesses several distinct meanings, typically revolving around the acts of summoning, contacting, or demanding. The specific meaning is usually determined by the context in which it's used:

1. To summon or request the presence of someone: This is often used when a specialist, an expert, or specific personnel (like a doctor, engineer, or emergency services) are needed at a particular location. For example, 'They had to call in a structural engineer after the bridge showed cracks.'
2. To contact a place, especially by phone, often to report something or to participate: This commonly refers to reporting one's status to work (e.g., 'calling in sick' or 'calling in late'), or for listeners/viewers to participate in a live radio or television program by phoning in their questions or opinions. For instance, 'She had to call in to report her absence from work.'
3. To require an employee to come to work, often unexpectedly, for additional hours, or during non-scheduled times: This implies summoning staff to cover shifts, manage unexpected workload, or for urgent tasks. An example would be, 'The manager had to call in extra staff due to the sudden customer rush.'
4. To demand the repayment of a loan or money owed: This is primarily used in a financial context, meaning to request or insist that a debt be paid back, often immediately or earlier than initially planned. For example, 'The bank decided to call in all outstanding loans from the defaulting company.'
5. To withdraw something from circulation or use: This can refer to items like old currency, defective products, or documents that need to be retired or replaced. An example is, 'The government decided to call in the old banknotes to replace them with a new series.'
6. To make a brief visit (less common and more informal): Similar to 'drop in' or 'call on someone', it means to visit a place or person for a short period. For example, 'I decided to call in on my aunt on my way home just to say hello.'

Examples​

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Definition​

To 'call off' is a phrasal verb with two primary meanings. Firstly, it means to cancel an event, arrangement, or activity that has been previously planned or scheduled. This often implies that the cancellation is due to unforeseen circumstances, difficulties, issues, a change of mind, or a decision that prevents the event from taking place at all or at its designated time. The cancellation might be permanent or temporary (postponement, though 'call off' typically implies full cancellation). Secondly, it means to order an animal (such as a dog) or, less commonly, a person to stop an attack, pursuit, or any aggressive or persistent action. In this context, it implies a command to cease the immediate hostile or unwanted activity.

Examples​

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Definition​

The phrasal verb 'call on' carries several distinct meanings depending on the context. Primarily, it means to visit someone for a short period, often in a formal or professional capacity, or as a courtesy. Secondly, it is used to formally ask or require someone to do something, such as asking a student to answer a question in class, asking a speaker to address a group, or urging a person or entity to take a specific action or fulfil a responsibility. Thirdly, 'call on' can mean to make use of or draw upon a particular resource, skill, or quality, especially in a time of need, such as 'calling on one's courage' or 'calling on a reserve of energy'. This implies utilizing an available asset or capability.

Examples​

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Definition​

The phrasal verb 'call out' carries several distinct but related meanings, generally implying making something known or summoning someone/something publicly or assertively. Firstly, it means to challenge, criticize, or hold someone accountable for their actions, statements, or behavior, often in a public or confrontational manner, highlighting a perceived wrong, inaccuracy, or hypocrisy. Secondly, it refers to the act of summoning or requesting the presence of a person or a group, typically for a specific task, often an emergency or a specialized service. This can apply to emergency responders, technicians, or military personnel. Thirdly, it can mean to say something loudly to attract attention, make an announcement, or make information known, such as calling out names on a list or instructions in a noisy environment. Lastly, it can be used to describe expressing pain or a strong emotion vocally, often as an involuntary reaction.

Examples​

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Definition​

The phrasal verb 'call up' carries several distinct meanings, primarily revolving around the act of summoning, retrieving, or contacting.

1. To telephone someone: This is one of the most common uses, meaning to make a phone call to a person. It implies initiating communication over the telephone network.
2. To summon someone for military service: In this context, 'call up' refers to the official directive or order for an individual to report for military duty, often during a time of national emergency, war, or for mandatory conscription.
3. To recall or retrieve information/memories: This usage pertains to accessing data, facts, or past experiences from one's memory or from a stored record (e.g., a computer database). It suggests bringing something back into consciousness or active use.
4. To select someone for a team or group (especially in sports): When a player is 'called up,' it means they have been chosen or promoted from a lower-level team (e.g., a minor league) to a higher-level team (e.g., the major league) or selected to represent a national team.
5. To display or access data/a file on a computer screen: In technology, it means to open a program, retrieve a document, or bring up specific information for viewing or manipulation on a digital interface.

Each meaning implies bringing something or someone from a state of being inactive, remote, or latent into an active, present, or accessible state.

Examples​

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Definition​

To calm down means to become less agitated, angry, excited, or upset, or to make someone else become less agitated, angry, excited, or upset. It signifies a transition from a state of emotional intensity or high energy to a more relaxed, tranquil, and composed state. This phrasal verb can be used both intransitively (e.g., 'I need to calm down.') and transitively (e.g., 'You need to calm her down.'). It often implies a deliberate effort to regain composure, often after a period of stress, fear, anger, or over-excitement, leading to a state of emotional stability and peace.

Examples​

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Definition​

The phrasal verb 'carry off' primarily means to succeed in doing something difficult, challenging, or audacious, often with skill, confidence, or flair, making it appear easy or effortless. It implies a successful execution despite potential obstacles or complexities. Secondly, it can also mean to win a prize, award, or competition. In a less common and more somber context, it can mean to be killed by a disease or illness, though this usage is less frequent in modern English compared to the meanings related to success.

Examples​

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Definition​

To 'carry on' is a versatile phrasal verb primarily meaning to continue an activity, task, or process, especially after a pause, interruption, or difficulty. It often implies perseverance, persistence, or resilience in the face of obstacles, distractions, or emotional challenges. It can also be used informally to describe behaving in an excited, emotional, dramatic, or foolish manner, often causing a scene or attracting undue attention. In certain contexts, especially British English, it can simply mean to manage or cope with a situation, particularly a challenging one, or as an exclamation to encourage someone to continue what they are doing. Less commonly and informally, it can also refer to having an illicit romantic or sexual relationship.

Examples​